In a previous study (Krishnan, 2016) we identified a whole-brain pattern, the Vicarious Pain Signature (VPS), which predicts vicarious pain when participants observe pictures of strangers in pain. Here, we test its generalization to observation of pain in a close significant other. Participants experienced painful heat (Self-pain) and observed their romantic partner in pain (Partner-Pain). We measured whether (i) the VPS would respond selectively to Partner-Pain and (ii) the Neurologic Pain Signature (NPS), a measure validated to track somatic pain, would selectively respond to Self-Pain, despite the high interpersonal closeness between partners. The Partner-Pain condition activated the VPS (t=4.71, p=.00005), but not the NPS (t=-1.03, p=.308). The Self-Pain condition activated the NPS (t=13.70, p<.00005), but not the VPS (t=-1.03 p=.308). Relative VPS-NPS response differences strongly discriminated Partner-Pain vs. Self-Pain (cross-validated accuracy=97%, p<.000001). Greater interpersonal closeness between partners predicted greater VPS responses during Partner-Pain (r=.388, p=.050) and greater unpleasantness when observing the romantic partner in pain (r=.559, p=.003). The VPS generalizes across empathy paradigms and to an interactive social setting, and strongly activates when observing a close significant other in pain. VPS responses may be modulated by relevant interpersonal relationship factors. Self-Pain and Partner-Pain evoke non-overlapping large-scale neural representations.

Impact Statement: A whole-brain signature of empathy transfers across two very different experimental paradigms and social contexts-yet, this pattern is separable from a brain signature of acute physical pain.